Salvador Berumen-Padilla, Rafael Figueroa-Viramontes, Juan Jose Martinez-Rios, Cirilo Vazquez-Vazquez, Jose Dimas Lopez-Martinez, and Enrique Salazar-Sosa. Facultad de Agricultura y Zootecnia de la Univ Juarez del Estado de Durango, Granito # 6, Fracc. Rincon del Pedergal 1., Gomez Palacio, Dgo., Mexico
Tomato is one of the most important horticultural crops in La Comarca Lagunera (located at the north-east of Durango and the south-west of Coahuila, Mexico: 25° 46' 56" N, 103° 21'02" W 1114-m elevation) because of high profits and labor it generates. In spite of those benefits, this crop faces serious problems because of its requirement of high technology and to the scarcity of water that prevails in this region. Based on that, an experiment was conducted to evaluate different watering levels combined with different plastic mulches on growth and yield variables of tomato crop. This was intended to make more efficient water use. The present study was conducted at the Agricultural Experimental Station of the Facultad de Agricultura y Zootecnia of the Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Mexico. Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. cv. Rio Amazonas) was planted on March 23, 2004; with 0.4 m and 1.6 m of distance among plants and raised-beds respectively. The experimental design was a randomized block split plot with four replicates. Watering levels (factor A) were the main plots and plastic mulches (factor B) were the subplots. Every subplot consisted of three raised-beds (total of 4.8 m wide) of 5 m long. Evaluated treatments were: Factor A = watering level based on a fraction of class A pan evaporation (Ev): A1 = 1.00Ev, A2 = 0.80Ev, and A3 = 0.65Ev; Factor B = plastic mulches: B1 = black, B2 = white/black; B3 = brown, and B4 = control (soil uncovered). Evaluated variables were; height of plant (h), foliar area (fa), yield (y) and water productivity (wp). Water was supplied by a drip tape system. The drip tape was laid on top of every bed and the flow rate for every emitter was 0.6 L h-1. For the variables plant height, foliar area and water productivity no statistical differences were detected among watering levels. However, yield was statistically higher for this factor at the levels of 1.0Ev and 0.8Ev with values of 36.25 Mg ha-1 and 31.83 Mg ha-1 respectively. As a response to plastic mulches, plant height was statistically higher for all plastics being the plastic white/black the highest with a value of 65.41 cm. Foliar area did not show differences among plastic mulches. Yield was statistically higher for plastic white/black compared to the rest of the treatments with a value of 42.90 Mg ha-1 and the lowest for the control treatment with a value of 22.82 Mg ha-1. Water productivity for the treatment white/black was also statistically different form the rest of the treatments with a value of 5.55 kg m-3. The lowest value (2.90 kg m-3) was also for the control treatment. Based on those results, the best watering level was for 0.8Ev that resulted in higher water savings without affecting statistically growth and yield. This watering level allows to make more efficient water use with highest productivity. Also, white/black plastic mulch had the highest positive effect on tomato plant growth, yield and water productivity.
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