We are developing a soil health testing laboratory to offer rapid, inexpensive, scientifically meaningful, and agronomically useful tests performed as a public service. This study assessed physical, chemical, and biological soil properties for their usefulness as soil health indicators. Multiple controlled long-term experiments and on-farm soil management demonstration trials were used to establish a minimum data set of physical, chemical, and biological indicators of soil health for New York State, USA. These indicators were selected based on (i) their ability to detect changes resulting from soil management practices, (ii) cost of sampling and analysis, and (iii) functional relevance. These functions include processes such as root proliferation, aeration, water transmission and retention, chemical nutrition, microbial activity, long-term carbon storage, N-supplying capacity, and disease suppression. In addition, Visible/Near-InfraRed (VNIR) reflectance spectroscopy was evaluated as a method of rapid and very inexpensive assessment of integrated soil health. Calibrations between functional indicators and soil reflectance were developed by using cross-validation procedures under Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS).