Dryland soils typically occur in areas where evaporation exceeds precipitation. As a result, soil water content is a major limiting factor for crop production and crop and biomass yields are often lower in dryland than in the irrigated cropping system. Conventional tillage with crop-fallow or crops with extended fallow period are common farming practices to conserve soil water and sustain crop yields. These practices not only reduce annualized crop yields but also reduce soil organic matter which deteriorates soil quality and productivity. Research results indicate that no-tillage with annual cropping is an approach to improve efficiency of water use, sustain crop yields, and improve soil quality and productivity. This session will discuss the management of dryland soils to improve physical, chemical, and biological properties (soil water, soil organic matter, C and N sequestration, greenhouse gas emission, microbial properties etc.) to improve soil and environmental quality and sustain crop yields in dryland environments.