Deep Soil Horizons: Contribution and Importance to Soil C Pools and in Assessing Whole-Ecosystem Response to Management and Global Change.

Most of the carbon (C) in terrestrial ecosystems is found in the soil. Though C calculations indicate that soils are more important than plants as raw reservoirs of C, soil rarely receives the attention that the aboveground ecosystem components do when calculating C budgets. When soil pools are quantified they are typically sampled to relatively shallow depths. Shallow soil sampling in research includes studies that estimate C and nutrient pools, and studies assessing the response of terrestrial ecosystems (i.e. forests, grasslands, agricultural fields) to management treatments. Though many soils have sola that are substantially deeper than 20 cm, and C accumulates well below these depths in many soils, the majority of studies of soil C sample to depths of 20 cm or less, generally because of the difficulty and cost of sampling the soil profile deeper. Shallow soil sampling is often justified by assuming that deeper soil horizons are stable and will not change over time, though some medium- and long-term studies do not support this assumption. Superficial soil sampling can result in both a major underestimate of soil C present in the soil profile, and an inability to adequately measure the impacts of both treatments for specific goals (i.e. tillage, fertilization, vegetation management) or other changes (i.e. global change, atmospheric inputs) over time in whole-ecosystem studies. We assessed the potential of shallow soil sampling to underestimate C in the soil profile as well as to change the conclusions of studies of management treatments on soil C. Results showed that, where soils were sampled to at least 80 cm or more depth, 27-77 percent of mineral soil C was found >20 cm in depth. In addition, analysis of results of 105 different studies of N fertilization in forests and N fertilization or conversion to switchgrass in agricultural studies show that deeper sampling can actually change the conclusions of results of some research studies of net C accumulation or loss. Researchers wishing to either quantify soil C pools or measure changes of soil C over time are cautioned to sample soil profiles as deeply as possible and not assume that deeper soil horizons are not a critical part of adequate ecosystem analysis.