Biodiesel production in Pennsylvania is increasing rapidly and canola, rapeseed and mustard could be alternative feedstocks. These oilseeds contain 35 to 50% oil, approximately twice as much as soybean.  Because canola and rapeseed oils are primarily monounsaturated, they are high quality biodiesel feedstock oils.  However, canola and rapeseed are new crops in Pennsylvania; their agronomic and economic potential is not well understood. To address these issues, winter and spring canola, spring rapeseed and mustard trials were established in Centre County, Pennsylvania, in 2006.  Yield, maturity, oil content, oil quality data and other agronomic information were collected as part of these trials.  The economic performance of the canola and rapeseed crops was compared to standard yields and prices for soybean and wheat.  In the 2006 trials, winter canola yields averaged 2,629 lbs/acre while spring canola averaged 1,171 lbs/acre.  Based on estimated canola production costs of $206.43/acre, a price of $0.15/lb, and a yield of  52 bu/acre, the net return for canola was $183.57/acre.  Comparatively, the net return for soybeans was $156.87/acre, assuming a market price of $0.12/lb, a yield of 45 bu/acre and lower production costs of $158.13/acre.  Winter wheat harvested for grain alone resulted in a break even yield of  49 bu/acre, with a return of $88.93/acre.  In Pennsylvania, however, wheat straw has a market value of about $150/acre, resulting in a wheat return that is 27% higher than canola.  Spring canola, rapeseed and mustard yields were low and returns were less than soybean or wheat.  Under some yield and market conditions, canola can be as profitable as soybeans in Pennsylvania and produce higher yields of oil per acre, but it is not currently economically competitive with wheat harvested for grain plus straw.