Improving the focus of researchers to link theoretical knowledge and practical skills to concrete situations is a goal for agroecology systems research in the Nordic Region. We recognize that research and new knowledge do not necessarily lead to action. In conventional research on system components, an impact is likely only when the research focus is on a factor that seriously limits production. To identify such components requires a careful study of the whole system. Increasingly, the important boundaries of a production system are found beyond the field or farm. Boundaries may include the watershed for environmental questions, the community for issues of labor and markets, and the global system for commodity prices. Successful application of research in a farming system requires understanding the natural resource and food system in which it is embedded. Holistic thinking and a systemic approach are essential to solve problems in a complex and unpredictable climate, global market, and regulatory environment. Agroecology is defined as the ecology of food systems, and embraces such a research perspective. Methods in this emerging field include the well-known experimental designs familiar to agronomists, ecological tools in the natural resource arena, and economic plus other social science approaches often called soft system methodology. Starting with careful study of the system and development of a rich picture of the present situation, these combined methods allow research on alternative future systems and scenarios, including ecological, economic, and social impact assessment before results are applied. Agroecology researchers in the Nordic countries are applying this strategy to help meet their national goals in organic agriculture and food systems, and to stay competitive through development of local food alternatives.