The 21st century will be a challenging time for agriculture.  Increasing populations and their rising aspirations will greatly increase the need for food, feed, fiber, and fuels.  Unfortunately, these needs will have to be met with static or decreasing soil and water resources and environmental degradations.  Automation and robotics may help. Automation and robotics technologies will undoubtably become a big part of production agriculture.  Every commodity will be tracked in time and space from the field’s fertility to the consumer’s fork.  Intelligent machines will do what they think best for each plant without human intervention.  Quantity and quality will be maximized.  The technologies making this possible include advances in sensors, computing, and actuation.  Unfortunately, the potential is limited by the lack of relevant agronomic knowledge in usable forms.  But technological scenarios for the early 21st century will be presented. Whether individual equipment sizes and management sizes will increase with automation or if autonomous “herds” of smaller equipment will act locally is uncertain.  In either case, it appears that continued consolidation and concentration of the agricultural industry will occur.  The challenge is insuring the sustainability of agriculture and agriculturalists.  And figuring out what agricultural scientists can, should, and will do.