Aqueous extracts from tissues of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) are widely used as broad-spectrum insecticides on a variety of horticultural and agricultural crops in Mali and other parts of Africa. Eleven triterpenoid compounds, Azadirachtins A-K, have been isolated and have been determined to be biologically active against insects. Although the modes of action are not completely understood, azadirachtins appear to inhibit molting through hormone disruption, interfere with reproduction, and act as an antifeedant. Azadirachtin(s) concentrations are highest in the seed, so the majority of neem research has focused on neem kernel extract (NKE). However, an effective means to use neem kernel extracts is not available to Malian subsistence farmers. The most common preparations of neem extracts for foliar application in Mali are made by grinding the leaves into a paste and extracting with soapy water. Since the effectiveness of neem (azadirachtin-A) extracts prepared in this manner is quite variable, we have conducted a study designed to examine the extraction efficiency of neem using several approaches. Our goal has been to examine procedures that will improve the efficiency of neem leaf extraction by developing a protocol (leaf preparation, solvent extraction, and formulation) that will be practical for Malian subsistence farmers. This research is based on samples collected during a trip to Mali in January of 2005. Neem preparation was observed in two villages and samples of the extracts were obtained for study at Virginia Tech. Preliminary lab results have indicated that extraction procedures using organic solvents (such as alcohols) can produce significant amounts of azadirachtin-A above what is obtained by using the methods employed by Malian farmers. A portion of this study has involved optimization of an effective High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) process for quantifying azadirachtin-A in neem leaves. This process will be shared with Malian agricultural researchers.