Judith Pennington, US Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratory, 106 Danawood Ln., Vicksburg, MS 39180-9146
Unexploded ordnance on military training ranges has traditionally been rendered safe by blow-in-place (BIP) procedures. When the UXO is unsafe to remove to another location, a secondary, or donor change, is place on or near the item to initiation detonation, and, consequently, to eliminate the hazard of unexpected future detonations. Concern for the environmental impacts of leaving unconsumed explosives on the soil surface has only recently become an issue of concern. The objective of this study was to characterize any residues resulting from standard BIP practices for mortars and artillery shells using four donor charges, C4, a shaped charge, a binary explosive, and block TNT. Detonations were executed on a sand-filled bucket to mimic the potential quenching of the after burn temperature in the detonation fireball by the soil removed from the crater by the detonation. Residues were recovered with distance from the detonation center on a large tarp spread over the soil surface. Samples of the residue were analyzed for the high explosive components of the main and secondary charges and possible degradation products. Results suggest that the primary charge mass and the mechanism of initiation by the secondary charge govern the efficiency of detonation and, consequently, the quantity of residue. When detonations are optimal, or high-order, little or no residue remains. Therefore, practices that achieve high-order detonations will minimize residues that potentially serve as point sources of environmental contamination.
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